Cuba

**Cold War: Cuba** **By: Camilla Pirete** ** John F. Kennedy: **
 * Born in Brookline, MA.
 * Graduated from Harvard University with a degree in science in 1940.
 * In 1941, he joined the U.S. navy.
 * In 1946, he won election to the House of Representatives.
 * President Eisenhower's successor
 * Became Senator in 1952
 * One of the Democratic party's leading figures
 * Became the 35th president of the United States in January 1961.
 * Kennedy said that the world was in "its hour of maximum danger," as the tensions of the Cold War increased.
 * His words were challenged when several Cold War events tried his leadership.

** Fidel Castro: **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Revolutionary leader
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Established himself as a communist and accepted aid from the Soviet Union
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Gained power with the promise of democracy
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Led a guerrilla movement to bring down dictator Fulgencio Batista
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Won control in 1959
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Castro told reporters, "Revolutionaries are not born, they are made by poverty, inequality, dictatorship."
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">He divided commercial farms into communes in which landless peasants would be working them.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Some saw Castro as a tyrant, replacing one dictatorship with another.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Allies with Nikita Khrushchev

<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">** Nikita Khrushchev: **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">He remained active in the Communist Party.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Became party secretary of the Petrovsko-Mariinsk
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">He made progress in the party.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Lazar Kaganovich was impressed by Khrushchev's hard work.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">In 1938, he started working for Joseph Stalin.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Conflicts occurred between Stalin and Khrushchev
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">In 1953, he became the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Allies with Fidel Castro
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Like Stalin, Khrushchev believed in the power of Communism.

**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Khrushchev and Kennedy **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **Cartoon**

<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">** Origins of the Cold War: **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">U.S. and Soviet Union had different goals for the future.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Soviet Union had been allies with Germany.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">U.S. and Soviet Union were suspicious of each other.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">U.S. and Soviet Union relations got worse when Stalin found out that the U.S. tried to keep the atomic bomb a secret.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Truman becomes president after Franklin Roosevelt's death.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Stalin broke his promise to Truman about allowing free elections in Poland.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Soviets wanted reparations from Germany in order to repay Soviet wartime losses, but Truman declined it.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">American businesses wanted raw materials from Eastern Europe and they wanted to sell goods to Eastern Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Soviet Union held onto Eastern Europe because they thought it could stop invasions from the west in the future.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Stalin formed communist governments in Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Satellite Nations: countries ruled by the Soviet Union
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">U.S. wanted to prevent the expansion of communist rule to other countries.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">These conflicts and tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led to the Cold War.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Truman established the Truman Doctrine to keep communism from spreading.

<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">** United States relation with Cuba: **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">U.S. and Cuba were in good terms since the U.S. freed Cuba during the Spanish-American War.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">U.S. wanted to purchase Cuba in 1898.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">America bought large amounts of land in Cuba due to their sugar interests.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">When Castro came into power, Kennedy was suspicious of Castro's intentions.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Relations between the U.S. and Cuba became worse when Castro captured three American and British oil refineries.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">After Cuban Missile Crisis, U.S. left Cuba alone.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> **Spanish-American War:**
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">United States declared war on Spain after the sinking of the U.S. Battleship Maine in Havana harbor.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">This was a small conflict between Spain and the U.S.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">America wanted Spain to give Cuba its independence.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Spanish-American War ended with the signing of Treaty of Paris.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">**The<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Bay of Pigs: **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">President Eisenhower had the CIA train Cuban exiles secretly to invade Cuba.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Hoped it would cause an uprising that would bring down Castro.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Kennedy approved the plan.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">April 17, 1961; Cuban exiles and the U.S. military arrived on Cuba's southern coast, the Bay of Pigs.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Plan failed.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">An air strike failed to destroy the Cuban air force.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The small group who were sent to distract Castro's forces never reached shore.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">When the main unit landed, there was no American air support.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Cuban troops were backed up by the Soviet tanks and jet aircraft.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Some exiles were killed and others were imprisoned.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">This failed invasion left Kennedy feeling embarrassed.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">He accepted the blame for this disaster publicly.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Kennedy discussed with Castro for the release of surviving commandos.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Kennedy paid $53 million in food and medical supplies.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Kennedy promised the exiles that one day they would return to a "free Havana."
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Kennedy warned that any further Communist expansion, he would reject it.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Castro accepted Soviet aid.

<span style="color: #f6133e; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **The Bay of Pigs**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">media type="youtube" key="OMA7Jv1RWIA" width="425" height="350"

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">**Cuban Missile Crisis:**
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">October 1962
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Volcanic event in American foreign relations
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Most dangerous crisis of the nuclear age.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fidel Castro, Cuban leader, agreed to having the weapons shipped and installed secretly.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Nikita Khrushchev chose to set up missiles in Cuba in order to launch an attack on the Southeastern part of the United States.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The United States had also set up missiles in Turkey from which they would launch an attack on Russia.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Kennedy warned Khrushchev that America would not allow offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Kennedy stated that any missile attack from Cuba would cause an attack on the Soviet Union.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">For the next 6 days, the world was terrified from the possibility of a nuclear war.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Soviet ships toward Cuba in the Atlantic Ocean.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">U.S. Navy got ready to isolate Cuba and prevent the ships from getting near it.



<span style="color: #f6133e; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Cuban Missile Crisis**

media type="youtube" key="W50RNAbmy3M" width="425" height="350"

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">**How did the Cuban Missile Crisis end?:**
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Soviet ships decided to stop in order to avoid an encounter at sea.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles as long as America doesn't invade Cuba.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">U.S. also secretly agreed to remove missiles from Turkey.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Both leaders reached an agreement and the crisis was over.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">**Impact:**
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">It showed how close the world came to a nuclear war.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">It showed how the U.S. and the Soviet Union had to demobilize their weapons due to the craziness of the war.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Kennedy and Khrushchev were faced with criticism.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Kennedy was criticized for practicing brinkmanship.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Some people thought he had passed a great chance to invade Cuba and bring down Castro.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Cuban exiles blamed the Democrats for "losing Cuba."
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Castro closed off Cuba to the exiles and banned any flights from or to Miami.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Three years later, Cubans were allowed to join relatives in the U.S. and the Cuban population in Miami increased to about 300,000.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Limited Test Ban Treaty: the banning of nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, under water, or in outer space
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">This treaty led to a more controlled environment for the efforts of negotiating.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">**Significance:**
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Cuba remained a Communist dictatorship.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">America left it alone.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Today the U.S. isn't allowed in Cuba.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Tensions are still high between the U.S. and Cuba.


 * <span style="color: #f6133e; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">United States and Cuba shaking hands. **

<span style="color: #00ffff; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">**Work Cited:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Clare, john D.. "The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War." // John D. Clare //. Greenfield History Site, 2002-2010. Web. 30 Apr 2012. <http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war16.htm>.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Coleman, David G. "Cuban Missile Crisis." //Dictionary of American History//. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 474-475. //Gale U.S. History In Context//. Print. 24 Apr. 2012. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Kreis, Steven. "The Origins of the Cold War." // The History Guide //. N.p., 2000. Web. 30 Apr 2012. <http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war16.htm>.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">. "Limited Test Ban Treaty." // Atomic Archive //. AJ Software & Multimedia, 1998-2011. Web. 1 May 2012. <http://www.atomicarchive.com/Treaties/Treaty3.shtml>.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Littell, McDougal. // The Americans //. United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007. 808-812. Print.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Long, Jamie. "John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis: An analysis of Crisis Communication within our Nation." // Jamie Long //. N.p., 28 April 2010. Web. 30 Apr 2012.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> McMillan, Peter. "John F. Kennedy." // Spartacus Educational //. Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd, n.d. Web. 1 May 2012. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkennedyJ.htm >.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> McMillan, Peter. "Nikita Khrushchev." // Spartacus Educational //. Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd, n.d. Web. 1 May 2012. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSkhrushchev.htm>.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">. "Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)." . Abamedia, 1999. Web. 30 Apr 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/redfiles/bios/all_bio_nikita_khrushchev.htm>.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Nosotro, Rit. "US - Cuban Relations From the Cold War to the Present." // Hyper History //. N.p., 2000-2010. Web. 30 Apr 2012. <http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t4w30uscuba.htm>.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Quirk, Robert E. //Fidel Castro//. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. 31-59. Print.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">. "The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War." . Library of Congress, 2011. Web. 30 Apr 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html>.